Table of Content

10 February 2026, Volume 61 Issue 3

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Special Planning—Assisted Reproductive Care

Construction and validation of a quality evaluation index system for assisted reproductive specialty care

SHENG Xu, CONG Shengnan, ZHANG Juan, LING Xiufeng, ZHU Zhu, CHEN Shengrong, ZHAO Jing

2026, 61(3):  293-301.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.001

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Objective To construct a patient-centered evaluation index system for the quality of assisted reproduction specialty care and to conduct preliminary validation to provide a basis for the rational evaluation of the quality of assisted reproduction specialty care services and the standardized construction of service content. Methods Based on the Servqual model，through systematic literature search and combining with specialty characteristics，we constructed the first draft of the nursing quality evaluation index system for assisted reproduction specialties. 2 rounds of correspondence with 17 experts from 5 provinces were carried out to evaluate，screen and revise the evaluation index system by applying the Delphi method from July to August 2024，and 40 nurses specializing in assisted reproduction were selected in Jiangsu Province in June 2025 for the preliminary validation of the application of the index system. Results The recovery rates of the questionnaires for the 2 rounds of expert correspondence were 94.44% and 100%，respectively；the expert authority coefficients were 0.927 and 0.908，respectively；the coefficients of variation of the indicators were 0~0.24 and 0~0.18，respectively；the Kendall’s harmonization coefficients were 0.220 and 0.313. After 2 rounds of expert correspondence，the final evaluation index system of assisted reproduction specialty nursing quality was formed，which contained 5 primary indicators，17 secondary indicators，and 41 tertiary indicators. Assisted reproduction specialty nurses were generally satisfied with this evaluation index system，with a satisfaction questionnaire score of （23.75±2.02）. Conclusion The quality evaluation index system of assisted reproduction specialty care constructed based on Servqual model covers the key aspects of assisted reproduction care service，with reasonable content setting，standardized construction method，and strong scientificity，reliability，practicality and feasibility.

Resilience developmental trajectories and influencing factors in infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer treatment

XUE Jing, WANG Zhe, CHENG Fangqun, CHEN Siyu, HE Cong, XU Qiang, PENG Peng, CHENG Peiyu

2026, 61(3):  302-309.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.002

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Objective To explore the resilience trajectories and influencing factors in infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer treatment，to provide references for implementing targeted nursing interventions. Methods Using a convenience sampling method，308 infertile women treated at a tertiary hospital reproductive medicine center in Hunan Province，China，from June 2023 to August 2024 were enrolled. General information，resilience，perceived social support，and self-efficacy were collected on the initial consultation day（T1）. Resilience was reassessed at 6 time points：cycle initiation documentation day（T2），ovum retrieval day（T3），HCG testing day（T4），a month of pregnancy（T5），and 3 months of pregnancy（T6）. Latent class growth modeling（LCGM） was used to identify resilience trajectory patterns，and multivariate logistic regression was conducted to analyze influencing factors. Results All 276 participants completed 6 surveys. Totally 4 distinct resilience trajectory classes were identified，including low-resilience ascending group（25.4%），low-resilience stable group（41.3%），moderate-resilience descending group（23.2%），and high-resilience stable group（10.1%）. Self-efficacy，age，BMI，primary infertility，and feelings of fear or helplessness were significant predictors for the latent classes of resilience trajectories. Conclusion Heterogeneity exists in resilience trajectories among infertile women during In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer treatment. Healthcare providers should develop tailored interventions based on trajectory-influencing factors to enhance psychological resilience.

Analysis of the influencing factors and pathways of pain levels in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer after oocyte retrieval surgery

HUANG Huihong, LIU Jinlian, WANG Zirui, LI Jinlu, SHI Li, YANG Rui

2026, 61(3):  310-317.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.003

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Objective To investigate the factors influencing postoperative pain levels in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer（IVF-ET） and analyze the interaction pathways among these factors，providing a basis for developing targeted pain management strategies and nursing intervention plans. Methods A convenience sampling method was used to select 752 patients who underwent IVF-ET egg retrieval surgery at the Reproductive Center of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of a tertiary-level hospital in Beijing from January 11 to March 17，2025，as the study subjects. The following questionnaires were administered，including a general information questionnaire，the Pain Catastrophizing Scale，the Self-Rating Anxiety and Depression Scale，Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index，and the Brief McGill Pain Questionnaire. We used univariate analysis，Spearman correlation analysis，multiple linear regression analysis，and chain mediation analysis within the mediation effect model to explore the factors influencing postoperative pain levels in IVF-ET patients. Results A total of 546 valid questionnaires were collected. The pain score for IVF-ET patients after egg retrieval was 3（1，7） points. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicated that pain catastrophizing，patient mood，sleep quality，and the number of eggs retrieved were significant factors influencing postoperative pain in IVF-ET patients（P<0.05）. Path analysis results indicated that pain catastrophizing mediated the postoperative pain，with a total effect value of 0.182 and a direct effect value of 0.146，accounting for 80.2% of the total effect value. Conclusion The pain experienced by IVF-ET patients after oocyte retrieval is influenced by a variety of factors. Clinical medical staff should accurately assess the emotional state and sleep quality of patients before the procedure and implement personalized interventions to reduce postoperative pain and improve postoperative comfort.

Mapping the assisted reproductive treatment journey for infertility patients and implications for care

WU Meiliyang, YANG Liu, YANG Juan, QU Jia, MIN Min

2026, 61(3):  318-325.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.004

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Objective To identify the experiences and challenges encountered by infertility patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology（ART） treatment based on the journey map，thereby providing the targeted and high-quality nursing interventions. Methods Using purposive sampling，from August to December 2024，semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 patients in the center for reproductive medicine of a tertiary-level hospital in Wuhan City，who underwent ART fertility treatment for infertility. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis，and the patient journey map was constructed. Results Based on the treatment timeline，the process was categorized into 5 distinct phases：pre-visit preparation，diagnosis and decision-making，expectation treatment，ART treatment，and outcome management. During the pre-visit preparation phase，patients commonly experienced anxiety and concern，highlighting the importance of timely and standardized medical consultation. In the diagnosis and decision-making phase，emotional responses such as shock，denial，regret，and anger were observed，underscoring the necessity of establishing trust between healthcare providers and patients and completing comprehensive diagnostic evaluations. During the expectation treatment phase，patients often experienced internal conflict and feelings of isolation，emphasizing the need to clarify expected treatment duration and set realistic expectations. In the ART treatment phase，patients reported fluctuating emotions and a sense of emotional volatility，indicating the importance of active treatment adherence and effective self-management. In the outcome management phase，a mixture of joy and worry or a struggle between persistence and abandonment occurred among patients，necessitating ongoing obstetric support or assistance in redefining personal life goals. Conclusion The treatment cycle for infertility patients undergoing ART is relatively long and their demands are complex. Healthcare professionals should adopt phased management strategies and deliver individualized health education to enhance the overall patient experience and improve healthcare outcomes.

Specialist Nursing Practice and Research

Development and efficacy assessment of oral exercise interventions in older adults

HUANG Chunyan, SHEN Xiaoxing, ZHU Haiqiong, CHEN Yun, OUYANG Wenhui, YANG Chen, OUYANG Xiaojun

2026, 61(3):  326-331.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.005

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Objective To develop an oral exercise program for older adults and evaluate its application effects，offering insights for oral frailty intervention strategies. Methods The research team constructed a simple and easy oral exercise program for the elderly with oral frailty，based on systematic literature reviews，expert consensuses，and pilot studies. From June 2024 to October 2024，82 older patients with oral frailty were enrolled of Geriatrics Department from a tertiary hospital in Nanjing City. Using Zelen’s design，participants were randomized into an experimental group and a control group，with 41 cases in each group. Participants in the intervention arm underwent a 3-month，oral exercise regimen （2 × 12-minute sessions/day，≥5 sessions/week） adjunctive to standard oral health education. The control group received standard education only. Oral frailty，chewing function，swallowing function and oral motor function of the 2 groups were compared before and after the intervention. Results Ultimately，37 participants were enrolled in the intervention group and 38 in the control group. After the intervention，the intervention group showed significantly better outcomes in oral frailty and swallowing function compared to the control group（P<0.05）. However，there were no statistically significant differences between the 2 groups in masticatory function and oral motor function（P>0.05）. Conclusion The established oral exercise program can effectively improve swallowing function and oral frailty in the elderly with oral frailty.

Study on the intervention effect of preoperative virtual reality scene simulation training on postoperative delirium in elderly lung cancer patients

GONG Xiaoshan, LIN Anqi, QIN Yu, WANG Ling

2026, 61(3):  332-339.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.006

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Objective To explore the intervention effect of preoperative virtual reality scene simulation training on the incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly patients with lung cancer，and to analyze its potential mechanism，so as to provide scientific bases for clinical nursing. Methods Using a non-synchronous controlled trial design，160 elderly patients who were scheduled to undergo radical lung cancer surgery in a tertiary A hospital in Shanghai from March 2024 to February 2025 were conveniently sampled and divided into an experimental group（80 cases） and a control group（80 cases）. The experimental group added multi module virtual reality scene simulation training on the basis of routine intervention，including cognitive pre adaptation throughout the surgical process，postoperative rehabilitation behavior training，and multi sensory relaxation intervention. The control group received routine health education and basic relaxation training. The incidence of postoperative delirium，preoperative anxiety，intraoperative physiological stress（MAP，HR），and postoperative hospital stay were compared between 2 intervention groups. Results The experimental group ultimately included 77 cases，while the control group ultimately included 78 cases. The incidence of postoperative delirium in the experimental group was 3.90%，lower than 14.10% in the control group，and the difference was statistically significant（χ²=4.913，P=0.027）. The odds ratio was 0.247（95%CI：0.072~0.851）. The anxiety score was（5.42±1.63） points at 30 min before operation in the experimental group，significantly lower than（7.76±2.09） points in the control group（P<0.001）. The mean arterial pressure was（105.02±8.27） mmHg and the heart rate was（92.73±7.96） beats per minute before anesthesia induction，which were lower than （109.75±8.53） mmHg and （96.84±8.19） beats per minute in the control group，and the differences were statistically significant（P<0.05）. The postoperative hospitalization time of the experimental group was 4（4，5） days，shorter than 5（4，6） days of the control group，and the difference was statistically significant（P=0.046）. Conclusion Preoperative virtual reality scene simulation training can effectively reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium in elderly patients with lung cancer，reduce preoperative anxiety and physiological stress response，and shorten postoperative hospital stays. It can provide non-drug intervention strategies for optimizing perioperative management of elderly patients with lung cancer.

Development and applicability evaluation of a shared emergency network platform for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients

SU Sui, TONG Qingqing, ZHONG Fei, ZHAO Linyi, ZHOU Manhong, LI Tao, GAO Huiming, QIN Zhifang, HU Rujun

2026, 61(3):  340-346.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.007

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Objective To develop a shared emergency network platform for patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest（OHCA） and evaluate its usability，so as to provide a reference for further improving the emergency efficiency of OHCA patients. Methods Based on the concept of co-design，a preliminary framework for the shared emergency network platform for OHCA patients was constructed through literature review and semi-structured interviews. The Delphi method was used to conduct 2 rounds of correspondence with 28 experts to refine the framework. Finally，the shared emergency network platform for OHCA patients was developed. From December 2024 to January 2025，the Chinese version of the Standalone mHealth Apps Usability Questionnaire for Standalone mHealth Apps-Patient Version was used to survey the platform’s usability among 45 users in Zunyi City，and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 users to understand their experience with the platform. Results The effective response rates for the 2 rounds of expert correspondences were 93.3% and 89.3%，respectively. The expert authority coefficients were 0.93 and 0.94，and the Kendall’s coefficients were 0.180 and 0.194，respectively（all P<0.05）. The developed OHCA shared emergency network platform module content included 6 first-level indicators and 26 second-level indicators，and 6 core functional modules were developed. For the usability evaluation，41 valid questionnaires were finally included，with an effective response rate of 91.1%. The mean total questionnaire score was（6.16 ± 0.59）. Users’ experiences with the platform yielded 3 themes，namely innovative functionality with high acceptability，strong practicality and professional content，and suggestions for future promotion and improvement. Conclusion The design and functions of the developed OHCA shared emergency network platform align with public emergency call needs and demonstrate good usability.

Effect of timely acupoint application on nocturnal polyuria in Parkinson’s disease patients

LIU Fengchun, MENG Qian, SONG Xiaomeng, MU Dongshuai, WANG Yan, WANG Xue, CHANG Hong

2026, 61(3):  347-352.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.008

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Objective To investigate the effects of timed acupoint application based on the Meridian Flow Theory on nocturnal polyuria symptoms and autonomic nervous function in patients with Parkinson’s disease，aiming to provide evidence for Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM） nursing interventions for nocturnal urinary frequency in Parkinson’s patients. Methods A pre-post self-control design in quasi-experimental research was employed，enrolling 89 Parkinson’s patients with nocturnal polyuria symptoms admitted to the neurology department of a tertiary A general hospital from October 2022 to September 2024. In addition to conventional treatment，patients received tailored nursing interventions based on TCM syndrome differentiation and the cyclical patterns of organ-meridian qi-blood flow during the 12 two-hour periods. Specifically，a self-developed herbal ointment was applied to the Shenque（CV8），Guanyuan（CV4），and bilateral Shenshu（BL23） acupoints during the Shen（3-5 PM） and You（5-7 PM） periods，when qi-blood flows through the Bladder and Kidney meridians，respectively. Each treatment course lasted 5 days，with 2 consecutive courses administered. Outcome measures included efficacy of nocturnal frequent urination，nocturia frequency，single void volume，post-void residual urine volume，International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form （ICIQ-SF） scores，and Overactive Bladder Symptom Score（OABSS） before and after intervention. Results Among the 89 enrolled patients，3 withdrew due to local skin allergies，leaving 86 patients for final evaluation. The overall effective rate post-intervention was 68.60%. Significant improvements were observed in all measured parameters：nocturnal urinary frequency decreased from 4.00（3.75，6.00） to 3.00（2.00，4.00） times；single void volume increased from 100（80，150） mL to 150（100，200） mL；the residual urine volume in the bladder decreased from 69.0（23.8，127.5）mL to 39.0（26.5，73.0）mL，and the differences were statistically significant（P<0.001）；ICIQ-SF scores decreased from 7.0（4.0，10.0）score to 4.5（1.0，7.0）score；OABSS scores decreased from 9.0（8.0，11.0）score to 6.0（5.0，9.0）score. All changes were statistically significant（P<0.001）. Conclusion The timed acupoint application intervention based on the Meridian Flow Theory effectively alleviates nocturnal polyuria symptoms in Parkinson’s disease patients，to provide references for clinical practice in Traditional Chinese Medicine nursing.

A mixed-methods study on the status and influencing factors of social isolation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

SONG Yanru, DU Yunhong, YUE Yuanyuan, CHEN Xiaojie, WU Ruizhi, WANG Li

2026, 61(3):  353-360.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.009

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Objective To investigate the prevalence of social isolation among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and explore its multidimensional determinants based on social cognitive theory，providing evidence for developing targeted clinical interventions. Methods An explanatory mixed-methods longitudinal design was employed. Convenience sampling was used to select 231 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients hospitalized at a tertiary-level hospital in Qingdao，Shandong Province，from February to June，2025 for a cross-sectional survey. Quantitative research employed a general information questionnaire，the short form of the Lubben Social Network Scale，the Chronic Disease Self-Management Self-Efficacy Scale，the Social Influence Scale，and the Family Social Capital Scale. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore influencing factors. Qualitative research involved semi-structured interviews with 13 patients experiencing social isolation，and Colaizzi’s seven-step method was applied to analyze the data. A combined presentation method was used to synthesize the findings. Results A total of 223 valid questionnaires were collected，revealing a 38.57% prevalence of social isolation among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Quantitative findings revealed that age，duration of illness，self-care ability，current smoking status，self-efficacy，stigma associated with illness，and family social capital were significant factors influencing social isolation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients（P<0.05）. Qualitative analysis identified 4 themes，including dual psychological and physiological impacts，bidirectional effects of self-care ability and smoking behavior，physical environmental constraints and inadequate social support networks，and cognitive-behavioral-environmental maladjustment. The quantitative and qualitative findings exhibited convergence，complementarity，and silence. Conclusion Social isolation among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients results from a triadic interaction among individual，behavioral，and environmental factors. Healthcare providers should develop comprehensive intervention strategies addressing these 3 dimensions.

A study on the relationship between family resilience，care ability，and frailty in middle-aged and older stroke patients and their family caregivers

LI Xiuping, LIANG Jiaojiao, WANG Lingling, FU Qin, HOU Ming, LI Ping

2026, 61(3):  361-367.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.010

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Objective Analyzing the effects of family resilience and care ability on frailty in middle-aged and older stroke patients and their family caregivers using the actor-partner interdependence mediation model. Methods By the convenient sampling method，247 pairs of middle-aged and older stroke patients and their family caregivers were selected from January to July in the neurology department of a tertiary hospital in Xinjiang. Data were collected using the following instruments，including a general information questionnaire，the Family Resilience Assessment Scale，the Revised Self-Care Ability Scale，Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of Stroke Patient Inventory，and the Chinese version of the Tilburg Frailty Indicator. AMOS 28.0 software was employed to construct an actor-partner interdependence mediation model examining family resilience，self-care，and frailty. Results 236 valid dyads were collected，with an effective rate of 95.5%. The family resilience scores of stroke patients and their family caregivers were（121.57±10.84） and （125.84±7.63）. Patients’ self-care score was （47.13±4.86），while caregi-vers’ contribution to patient self-care scored（65.16±6.31）. Frailty scores were 4.5（3.0，5.5） and 2.0（1.5，3.4）. The results of actorpartner interdependence mediation model showed that family resilience in stroke patients and their family caregivers could negatively predict their own frailty（β patients=-0.39，P<0.001；β family caregivers=-0.26，P=0.019）. Patients’ self-care could negatively predict their own frailty（β patients=-0.36，P<0.001）. family resilience in stroke patients and their family caregivers could negatively predict each other’s frailty（β patients→family caregi-vers=-0.29，P=0.016；β family caregivers→patients=-0.18，P=0.024）. Mediation analysis showed that self-care mediated the relationship between family resilience and frailty in stroke patients（β patients=-0.048，P<0.001，95%CI=-0.069~-0.031）. Conclusion There are interrelationships among family resilience，care ability，and frailty in middle-aged and older stroke patients and their family caregivers. Healthcare professionals should develop targeted interventions considering patients and caregivers as a dyadic unit to reduce frailty risk in both parties.

Latent profile analysis and influencing factors of symptom burden in patients with mid to late-stage colorectal cancer

TIAN Fengmei, LI Huiling, AN Qing, WANG Jinyue, TAN Liping, ZHAO Lishuang

2026, 61(3):  368-376.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.011

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Objective To explore the heterogeneity and influencing factors of symptom burden in patients with mid to late-stage colorectal cancer during the period of receiving anti-neoplastic drugs，to optimize the management of clinical symptoms. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to September 2024 using convenience sampling. A total of 225 patients with mid to late-stage colorectal cancer were recruited from the oncology department of a tertiary hospital in Suzhou. Data were collected using the General Information Questionnaire，Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale（MSAS），General Self-Efficacy Scale（GSES），and Herth Hope Index（HHI）. Latent profile analysis（LPA） was used to analyze heterogeneity of symptom burden，while logistic regression and decision tree analyses were integrated to identify the influencing factors. Results A total of 216 valid questionnaires were collected，and the effective questionnaire recovery rate was 96.00%. The total score of symptom burden was 0.54（0.27，0.79），which could be classified into 3 categories，namely “the group of low symp-tom burden”（43.98%），“the group of high neuro-cutaneous symptom burden”（25.93%），and “the group of high symptom burden”（30.09%）. Gender，colostomy，immunotherapy and different targeted drugs were the influencing factors of symptom burden in the patients by Logistic regression analysis. Immunotherapy，the types of targeted drug，gender and BMI were the influencing factors by decision tree model analysis. Conclusion The symptom burden of the patients with mid to late-stage colorectal cancer receiving anti-neoplastic drugs is significantly heterogeneous. Medical staff should pay attention to the patients with different symptom characteristics. Early assessment of the patients with high risk factors and implementation of precision nursing measures can prevent or reduce symptom burden of the patients.

Analysis of influencing factors of medication discrepancy in elderly empty-nest diabetic patients at home

ZHANG Shiji, TIAN Yanzhen, LI Jinxiu, DENG Libang, ZHANG Tao

2026, 61(3):  377-384.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.012

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Objective This study aims to explore the influencing factors and interaction mechanisms of medication discrepancy in elderly patients with diabetes living in empty-nest conditions，thereby providing a foundation for the development of targeted intervention strategies. Methods By the convenience sampling method，400 elderly empty-nest diabetic patients who were hospitalized in the endocrinology department of a tertiary grade A hospital in Zhuzhou City from February to May，2025 were selected as survey subjects. Baseline data were collected prior to discharge. 2 months post-discharge，patients were surveyed using the General Information Questionnaire，the Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale，the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activity，the Financial Toxicity In Chronic Disease Scale，and the Medication Discrepancy Tool. Potential predictive variables were initially screened through univariate analysis. Significant variables were subsequently analyzed using binary logistic regression，while dependencies and pathways among the variables were explored using a Bayesian network model. Results A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed and 376 valid questionnaires were retrieved. The incidence rate of medication discrepancy among elderly diabetic patients in empty-nest families is 57.71%. The Bayesian network model demonstrated that medication frequency，self-efficacy in rational medication use，diabetes self-management status，and frequency of communication with children are directly correlated with medication discrepancy. In contrast，age，education level，sleep duration，triglyceride glucose index，number of comorbid chronic diseases，and types of medications exhibit indirect relationships with medication discrepancy. Notably，the risk of medication discrepancy is highest（99.7%） among elderly diabetic patients living alone who take medication 3 or more times per day，exhibit poor diabetes self-management，possess low self-efficacy in rational medication use，and do not communicate with their children. Conclusion The incidence of medication discrepancy among elderly diabetic patients living in empty-nest situations is notably high，attributed to the interplay of multiple factors. This issue is influenced by various dimensions，including medication complexity，psychological behavior，and social support. Therefore，clinical medical staff need to adopt systematic strategies to build a multi-level and precise prevention and control system.

Nursing Quality and Safety

Textual analysis of domestic policies related to enhancing patients’ medical experience and implications for nursing practice

CHEN Yuanyuan, LIU Kouying, TANG Ting, QU Mingye, YANG Lan, CAI Hao, WANG Chen, WANG Lulu, LI Xiangshuo

2026, 61(3):  385-393.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.013

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Objective To explore domestic policies to improve patients’ medical experience，so as to provide references for subsequent policy optimization. Methods Computer searches were conducted on the websites of administrative departments such as the National Health Commission，Chinese government，the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine，and the National Healthcare Security Administration from January 2015 to June 2024. Additionally，the formation retrieval system of Beijing University of Law’s Database of Legal Information and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure were also utilized to select policy documents related to enhancing the patient’s medical experience. A two-dimensional analysis framework of “policy tools-policy goals” was constructed，and the content analysis method was used to quantitatively analyze policy texts. Results A total of 36 policy texts were included，with 142 policy codes. The use of supply-based，demand-based，and environment-based policy instruments accounted for 61.27%，28.17%，and 10.56%，respectively. Among the dimensions of policy goals，improving patients’ pre-treatment experience，improving patients’ outpatient experience，improving patients’ emergency experience，improving patients’ inpatient experience，improving patients’ follow-up experience，and improving the whole basic support of medical services accounted for 16.20%，19.72%，10.56%，12.68%，11.27%，and 29.58%，respectively. Under the intersection of the 2 dimensions，the focus is on improving the whole basic support of medical services by means of supply-based policy tools. Conclusion In the policies related to improving patient experience，there are differences in the use of different types of policy tools，and the distribution of policy goals is unbalanced. Nursing managers should pay attention to nurses’ nursing information practice ability，strengthen the training of advanced practice nurses and emergency specialist nurses，integrate humanistic care into clinical practice，strengthen the screening of patients’ economic burden，and establish a dynamic nursing satisfaction feedback mechanism，so as to comprehensively improve the quality of nursing and patients’ medical experience.

Research on intelligent management of low-value medical consumables under the Supply-Processing-Distribution Model

LIAN Rui, ZHENG Fuxue, TIAN Junye, TAN Yanfen, SONG Yajing, HAN Ning, LI Yan, MENG Jingwen, ZENG Zhengang

2026, 61(3):  394-400.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.014

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Objective To explore the intelligent management model and implementation effect of low-value medical consumables based on supply-processing-distribution（SPD） model，and to provide a reference for improving the intelligent management level of hospital consumables. Methods A historical control was adopted. The commonly used low-value medical consumables in the pilot ward of a tertiary general hospital in Beijing were selected as the research objects. The low-value medical consumables from April to November 2024 were included in an intelligent management group and managed with the intelligent management model based on the SPD model.The low-value medical consumables from March to November 2023 were included in a conventional management group and managed with the traditional medical consumable management mode. The supply and sales consistency rate of low-value medical consumables，the time spent on consumables management in the department （application，collection，inventory，and inventory check），the rate of expiration warning，the rate of billing errors，the rate of registration of consumables information，the rate of traceability，and the satisfaction of nursing staff were compared between the 2 groups. Results The supply and sales consistency rate of low-value medical consumables in the intelligent management group average was 99.33%，that in the conventional management group average was 70.04%（P<0.001）. The time spent on consumables management in the department（application，collection，inventory，and inventory check） in the intelligent management group was lower than that in the conventional management group（P<0.001）. The registration qualification rate and traceability rate of information in the intelligent management group were both 100%，higher than 94.30% and 83.05% in the conventional management group（P<0.001）. The rate of expiration warning and the rate of billing errors in the intelligent management group were both 0，lower than 3.61% and 7.00% in the conventional management group（P<0.001）. In terms of nurse satisfaction，the total score of nursing staff satisfaction in the intelligent management group was 3（3，4） points，higher than 3（2，4） points in the conventional management group（P=0.007）. Conclusion Compared with the traditional medical consumable mana-gement mode，the low-value medical consumables management mode based on SPD can improve work efficiency，reduce the occurrence of adverse events in consumables management，and increase the satisfaction of nursing staff.

Rare Disease and Critical Care

Nursing care for a patient with hyperammonemic encephalopathy following liver transplantation after childbirth

CHENG Feng, WANG He, WANG Jinlong, FU Hong

2026, 61(3):  401-405.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.015

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This paper summarizes the nursing experience of liver transplantation for a patient with postpartum delayed ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency complicated with hyperammonemia encephalopathy. The key points of preoperative care include initiating a multidisciplinary treatment team and providing meticulous care management throughout the entire process；implementing proactive care to prevent blood clots in the tubing；monitoring the changes in the condition in real time and maintaining the stable state of the body；dynamically adjusting the nutritional plan to enhance patients’ tolerance to surgery. The key points of postoperative care include closely monitoring the function of the transplanted liver and preventing the occurrence of rejection reactions；implementing a systematic and comprehensive management plan to reduce postoperative complications；strengthening the long-term follow-up management of patients and dynamically tracking their health. After meticulous treatment and care，the patient was discharged from the hospital after 39 days of hospitalization. The patient was followed up for 2 months and was in good condition.

Nursing care of 6 patients with acute pulmonary embolism undergoing catheter-directed thrombolysis treatment

LI Wenyuan, CHEN Xiaowen, LIN Yanqin, YANG Xihong

2026, 61(3):  406-411.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.016

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This article summarizes nursing experience of 6 patients with acute pulmonary embolism undergoing catheter-directed thrombolysis. Key nursing points：preoperative risk intervention and preparation to establish a safe foundation for treatment；individualized activities based on hemodynamic stability during the acute phase to prevent thrombus recurrence；intensified coordinated anticoagulation-thrombolysis care to maximize therapeutic efficacy；dual monitoring of efficacy and bleeding to enhance treatment safety and effectiveness；bundled care for retained sheath tubes to prevent complications or exacerbation；dietary adjustment to improve hypercoagulable states；progressive early rehabilitation training to prevent re-embolism and post-pulmonary embolism syndrome；attention to patients’ psychological state with comprehensive psychological care；implementation of continuous care to improve home-based patient management quality. After meticulous treatment and nursing care，a case showed suboptimal thrombolysis efficacy and required elective percutaneous pulmonary artery thrombectomy，being discharged after 8 days post-surgery；the remaining 5 cases demonstrated significant therapeutic outcomes，were discharged smoothly，and showed good recovery during 3 months of continuous follow-up.

Review

A scoping review of research on theory evaluation criteria in nursing

NAN Xue, KONG Jiaqi, LI Genyu, QI Qingqing, LIU Ziqi, WU Yani, YIN Min

2026, 61(3):  412-418.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.017

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Objective To conduct a scoping review of research on theory evaluation criteria in the nursing field，aiming to provide a reference for the scientific evaluation and practical translation of nursing theories. Methods Following the Arksey and O’Malley scoping review framework，a systematic search was conducted across Chinese and international literature databases about theoretical evaluation criteria literature in the field of nursing，covering the period from their inception to October 2025. Thematic analysis was used to summarize and synthesize the included literature. Results A total of 75 studies were included. The development of nursing theory evaluation criteria evolved through 3 stages，namely exploration and reference， systematic and diversified development， and focusing on the evaluation criteria of the development domain theory. The evaluation content primarily encompasses 2 dimensions，namely internal analysis（e.g.，logicality，clarity） and external testing （e.g.，utility，testability）. Application analysis revealed that current research predominantly focuses on evaluating middle-range theories using classic criteria such as Walker & Avant and Fawcett，yet comprehensive and systematic application of evaluation standards remains limited. Conclusion A foundational framework for nursing theory evaluation has been established，but gaps persist in its systematic application and empirical validation. Future efforts should promote the contextualized use of evaluation criteria and advance the development of localized tools alongside cross-cultural adaptation studies.

Research progress and nursing enlightenment of patient-reported outcome measures for cancer immuno-therapy

ZHANG Defa, WANG Qian, JIN Yuqin, YAN Rong, MAO Huiqing, XU Ping, ZHANG Miaomiao

2026, 61(3):  419-426.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.018

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With the widespread application of immunotherapy in cancer patients，immune-related adverse events have become a key focus of clinical attention. Accurately assessing these adverse reactions and their impact on patients’ health-related quality of life is an indispensable part of cancer immunotherapy. This article reviews the research progress of patient-reported outcomes，and summarizes the existing patient reported outcomes scale for cancer immunotherapy from two aspects of universality and specificity，with a focus on summarizing and comparing the content characteristics，limitations，and clinical application of existing tools. Building on this，it proposes future development directions to provide a reference for the optimal development，clinical translation，and nursing practice concerning these cancer immunotherapy-specific assessment tools.

Research progress of functional resonance analysis method in the nursing quality management

QIN Yuan, CAO Songmei, XIA Zhuoran, LIN Jingxi, LI Teng, ZHONG Yu

2026, 61(3):  427-432.  DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.03.019

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Nursing work is highly complex，and minor changes in a single link can trigger unexpected effects through coupled networks，ultimately leading to adverse events. Functional resonance analysis method （FRAM） is a systematic analytical approach that focuses on dissecting the dynamic relationships among various elements or links in nursing work and explaining the cascading amplification effects of small changes，thereby identifying potential risks. This article introduces the core concepts，basic elements，implementation steps，and quality control methods of FRAM. It also reviews the current applications of FRAM in nursing process optimization，patient safety management，evaluation and implementation of nursing policies or programs，and discusses the challenges and countermeasures，aiming to provide a reference for nursing quality management.