Application progress of digital twin technology in blood glucose management for patients with diabetes and its nursing implications

doi:10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2026.14.019

Abstract

Abstract:

Diabetes is one of the major global public health problems. Diabetes is one of the major public health problems in the world. Digital twin technology has the advantages of individualization，accuracy，real-time and so on. By constructing personalized virtual metabolic models for patients with diabetes，it enables personalized blood glucose management. This study provides an overview of digital twin technology，summarizes its applications in medication management，nutrition，exercise，and the identification and prediction of complications among people with diabetes，and offers recommendations regarding data integration，clinical care practices，and education and training. It serves as a reference for improving glycemic control and preventing complications in people with diabetes.

Key words: Digital Twin Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Diabetes Mellitus, Review, Nursing Care

摘要：

糖尿病是全球重大公共卫生问题之一。数字孪生技术具有个体化、精准性、实时性等优点，通过构建糖尿病患者的个体化虚拟代谢模型，实现个体化血糖管理。该研究对数字孪生技术进行概述，总结其在糖尿病患者用药、营养、运动、并发症识别与预测等方面的应用情况，并从数据整合、临床护理实践、教育培训等方面提出建议，为改善糖尿病患者血糖控制，防止并发症的发生提供参考。

关键词: 数字孪生技术, 人工智能, 糖尿病, 综述, 护理

FAN Wenqi, HU Han. Application progress of digital twin technology in blood glucose management for patients with diabetes and its nursing implications[J]. Chinese Journal of Nursing, 2026, 61(14): 2012-2016.

范文琪, 胡汉. 数字孪生技术在糖尿病患者血糖管理中的应用进展及护理启示[J]. 中华护理杂志, 2026, 61(14): 2012-2016.

References 35

[1]	Genitsaridi I, Salpea P, Salim A, et al. 11th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas:global,regional,and national diabetes prevalen-ce estimates for 2024 and projections for 2050[J]. Lancet Dia-betes Endocrinol, 2026, 14(2):149-156.
[2]	赵丽华, 钱莉, 王丽华, 等. 糖尿病并发症体验式健康教育的效果研究[J]. 中华护理杂志, 2018, 53(1):36-40.
	Zhao LH, Qian L, Wang LH, et al. The effects of group expe-riential education in patients with diabetes based on screening for diabetic complications[J]. Chin J Nurs, 2018, 53(1):36-40.
[3]	Khunti K, Zaccardi F, Amod A, et al. Glycaemic control is still central in the hierarchy of priorities in type 2 diabetes mana-gement[J]. Diabetologia, 2025, 68(1):17-28. DOI
[4]	卓红霞, 雷雨洁, 欧阳斌, 等. 糖尿病患者糖代谢指标潜类别轨迹分析的范围综述[J]. 中华护理杂志, 2025, 60(4):499-506. DOI
	Zhuo HX, Lei YJ, Ouyang B, et al. A scoping review of latent class trajectory analysis of glucose metabolism indicators in patients with diabetes mellitus[J]. Chin J Nurs, 2025, 60(4):499-506. DOI
[5]	Khor XY, Pappachan JM, Jeeyavudeen MS. Individualized diabe-tes care:lessons from the real-world experience[J]. World J Clin Cases, 2023, 11(13):2890-2902. DOI URL
[6]	Lautsch D, Boggs R, Wang TT, et al. Individualized HbA(1c) goals,and patient awareness and attainment of goals in type 2 diabetes mellitus:a real-world multinational survey[J]. Adv Ther, 2022, 39(2):1016-1032. DOI
[7]	陈玉倩, 侯晓慧, 朱碧帆, 等. 数字孪生在精准医疗应用中的研究进展和挑战[J]. 海军军医大学学报, 2023, 44(1):97-101.
	Chen YQ, Hou XH, Zhu BF, et al. Digital twin in precision medicine application:research progress and challenges[J]. Acad J Nav Med Univ, 2023, 44(1):97-101.
[8]	宋洋, 张鹏. 基于数字孪生理念的航空器火灾精细化仿真分析[J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2025, 21(7):150-157.
	Song Y, Zhang P. Refined simulation analysis of aircraft fire based on digital twin concept[J]. J Saf Sci Technol, 2025, 21(7):150-157.
[9]	Moiceanu G, Paraschiv G. Digital twin and smart manufacturing in industries:a bibliometric analysis with a focus on industry 4.0[J]. Sensors, 2022, 22(4):1388. DOI URL
[10]	胡卫华, 涂善久, 徐增茂, 等. 基于数字孪生技术的高层建筑工程设计验证与服役性能评价模型构建[J]. 建筑结构学报, 2025, 46(12):1-18.
	Hu WH, Tu SJ, Xu ZM, et al. Design verification and in-service performance evaluation model for high-rise structural engineering based on digital twin technology[J]. J Build Struct, 2025, 46(12):1-18.
[11]	Cáceres-Gutiérrez DA, Bonilla-Bonilla DM, Liscano Y, et al. From architecture to outcomes:mapping the landscape of digital twins for personalized diabetes care:a scoping review[J]. J Pers Med, 2025, 15(11):504. DOI URL
[12]	Grieves M. Digital twin:manufacturing excellence through vir-tual factory replication[EB/OL].[2026-04-21].https://www.re-searchgate.net/publication/275211047_Digital_Twin_Manufactu-ring_Excellence_through_Virtual_Factory_Replication.
[13]	Johnson JAI, Bergman DR, Rocha HL, et al. Human interpre-table grammar encodes multicellular systems biology models to democratize virtual cell laboratories[J]. Cell, 2025, 188(17):4711-4733.e37. DOI URL
[14]	Subramanian K. Digital twin for drug discovery and develop-ment:the virtual liver[J]. J Indian Inst Sci, 2020, 100(4):653-662. DOI
[15]	Skalidis I, Stalikas N, Collet C, et al. Digital twins and simu-lations in transcatheter coronary and structural heart interven-tions[J]. Eur Heart J Digit Health, 2025, 7(2):129.
[16]	林雨嘉, 李金海, 宁焕生, 等. 数字孪生技术在智慧医疗与健康领域的技术、应用与挑战综述[J]. 工程科学学报, 2025, 47(9):1812-1824.
	Lin YJ, Li JH, Ning HS, et al. Review of technology,applica-tion,and challenge of digital twins in smart healthcare[J]. Chin J Eng, 2025, 47(9):1812-1824.
[17]	Kovatchev BP, Breton M, Dalla Man C, et al. In silico prec-linical trials:a proof of concept in closed-loop control of type 1 diabetes[J]. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2009, 3(1):44-55. DOI PMID
[18]	刘醒, 陈颖. 2型糖尿病的药物治疗及新技术进展[J]. 中国临床药理学与治疗学, 2025, 30(9):1215-1223.
	Liu X, Chen Y. Drug therapy and new technology progress of type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Chin J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2025, 30(9):1215-1223.
[19]	American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Commit-tee 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment:stan-dards of care in diabetes-2024[J]. Diabetes care, 2024, 47(Suppl 1):S158-S178. DOI URL
[20]	Kovatchev BP, Colmegna P, Pavan J, et al. Human-machine co-adaptation to automated insulin delivery:a randomised clini-cal trial using digital twin technology[J]. NPJ Digit Med, 2025, 8(1):253. DOI PMID
[21]	Fuchs J, Hovorka R. Benefits and challenges of current closed-loop technologies in children and young people with type 1 diabetes[J]. Front Pediatr, 2021, 9:679484. DOI URL
[22]	Pavan J, Cobry E, Reed ZW, et al. Algorithm-driven initiation and adaptation of hybrid closed-loop in young children with type 1 diabetes:a pilot study[J]. Diabetes Technol Ther, 2025, 27(8):587-596. DOI URL
[23]	李英霞, 左燕雨, 李文明, 等. 从护理学视角解读《中国老年糖尿病诊疗指南(2024版)》[J]. 护士进修杂志, 2025, 40(19):2048-2052.
	Li YX, Zuo YY, Li WM, et al. Interpretation on the guideline for themanagement of diabetes mellitus in the elderly in China(2024 edition) from nursing perspective[J]. J Nurses Train, 2025, 40(19):2048-2052.
[24]	国家老年医学中心, 中华医学会老年医学分会, 中国老年保健协会糖尿病专业委员会. 中国老年糖尿病诊疗指南(2024版)[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2024, 15(4):771-800.
	National Center of Gerontology,Chinese Society of Geriatrics of Chinese Medical Association,Diabetes Professional Commi-ttee of Chinese Aging Well Association. Guideline for the management of diabetes mellitus in the elderly in China(2024 edition)[J]. Med J Peking Union Med Coll Hosp, 2024, 15(4):771-800.
[25]	Thamotharan P, Srinivasan S, Kesavadev J, et al. Human digital twin for personalized elderly type 2 diabetes management[J]. J Clin Med, 2023, 12(6):2094. DOI URL
[26]	李蒙, 姚倩倩, 朱凌霄, 等. 口服药“四师共管”模式对2型糖尿病病人用药依从性和糖脂代谢的影响[J]. 护理研究, 2021, 35(4):690-694.
	Li M, Yao QQ, Zhu LX, et al. Effect of “four divisions in charge” mode of oral medication on medication compliance and glycolipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. Chin Nurs Res, 2021, 35(4):690-694.
[27]	中华医学会糖尿病学分会. 中国糖尿病防治指南(2024版)[J]. 中华糖尿病杂志, 2025, 17(1):16-139.
	Chinese Diabetes Society. China guidelines for the prevention and treatment of diabetes(2024 edition)[J]. Chin J Diabetes, 2025, 17(1):16-139.
[28]	Elias M, König M. A digital twin of glimepiride for persona-lized and stratified diabetes treatment[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2025, 16:1686415. DOI URL
[29]	Shamanna P, Saboo B, Damodharan S, et al. Reducing HbA1c in type 2 diabetes using digital twin technology-enabled pre-cision nutrition:a retrospective analysis[J]. Diabetes Ther, 2020, 11(11):2703-2714. DOI
[30]	Shamanna P, Erukulapati RS, Shukla A, et al. One-year out-comes of a digital twin intervention for type 2 diabetes:a retrospective real-world study[J]. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1):25478. DOI
[31]	马茹, 郝妩媚, 李菁. 2型糖尿病患者健康素养干预的范围综述[J]. 中华护理杂志, 2024, 59(19):2420-2426. DOI
	Ma R, Hao WM, Li J. A scoping review of health literacy interventions for type 2 diabetes patients[J]. Chin J Nurs, 2024, 59(19):2420-2426. DOI
[32]	国家体育总局运动医学研究所, 中国女医师协会医学体育专委会, 中国体育科学学会运动医学分会. 临床运动处方实践专家共识(2025)[J]. 中国运动医学杂志, 2025, 44(5):341-357.
	Sports Medicine Institute,General Administration of Sport of China; Medical Sports Committee,China Medical Women’s Association; Sports Medicine Branch,China Sport Science Society. Expert consensus on clinical exercise prescription practice(2025)[J]. Chin J Phys Med, 2025, 44(5):341-357.
[33]	Young G, Dodier R, El Youssef J, et al. Design and in silico evaluation of an exercise decision support system using digi-tal twin models[J]. J Diabetes Sci Technol, 2024, 18(2):324-334. DOI URL
[34]	Batagov A, Dalan R, Wu A, et al. Generalized metabolic flux analysis framework provides mechanism-based predictions of ophthalmic complications in type 2 diabetes patients[J]. Health Inf Sci Syst, 2023, 11(1):18. DOI
[35]	Surian NU, Batagov A, Wu A, et al. A digital twin model in-corporating generalized metabolic fluxes to identify and predict chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. NPJ Digit Med, 2024, 7(1):140. DOI