老年糖尿病伴营养不良患者饮食管理能力的潜在剖面及影响因素研究

doi:10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2025.12.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的探讨老年糖尿病伴营养不良患者饮食管理能力的潜在类别特征，并分析不同类别的影响因素，为临床护理实践提供参考。方法采用便利抽样法，于2023年9月—2024年9月，选取江苏省镇江市2所三级甲等医院内分泌科收治的老年糖尿病伴营养不良患者作为调查对象，采用一般资料调查表、2型糖尿病患者饮食管理量表、电子健康素养量表、简易版疾病认知问卷及领悟社会支持量表进行调查。结果共发放问卷376份，回收有效问卷349份，有效问卷回收率为92.8%。识别出低管理-不知无畏型（24.9%）、中管理-信念支撑型（45.9%）以及高管理-能力均衡型（29.2%）3个饮食管理能力类别。病程时长、文化程度、糖化血红蛋白、白蛋白、电子健康素养、领悟社会支持及疾病认知是不同类别老年糖尿病伴营养不良患者饮食管理能力的影响因素（P<0.05）。结论老年糖尿病伴营养不良患者饮食管理能力存在异质性，医护人员可根据不同类别特征及影响因素，制订个性化临床干预措施，提高其饮食管理能力。

关键词: 老年人, 糖尿病, 营养不良, 饮食管理能力, 潜在剖面分析, 护理

Abstract:

Objective To explore the potential categories of diet management ability in elderly patients suffering from diabetes and analyze the influencing factors of different potential categories，for the reference of clinical nursing practice. Methods A convenient sampling method was used to select elderly patients suffering from diabetes with the risk of malnutrition treated in endocrinology departments in 2 tertiary hospitals in Zhenjiang City，Jiangsu Province from September 2023 to September 2024. General information questionnaire，Diabetes Diet Management Scale，Electronic Health Literacy Scale，Simple Disease Perception Scale and Perceived Social Support Scale were used for investigation. Results A total of 376 questionnaires were sent out，in which 349 were effectively collected with an effective questionnaire recovery rate of 92.8%. Totally 3 potential categories of diet management behavior were identified through the analysis of effective questionnaire，namely low self-management（24.9%），middle self-management（45.9%） and high self-management（29.2%）. Disease duration of diabetes，glycosylated hemoglobin level，Albumin level，E-health literacy，perceived family support level and disease perception level were the risk factors of diet management ability in elderly patients suffering from diabetes with the risk of malnutrition（P<0.05）. Conclusion There are significant category characteristics of diet management ability in elderly patients suffering from diabetes with the risk of malnutrition. Medical staff can formulate targeted clinical intervention measures to help patients improve their diet management ability according to different category characteristics.

Key words: Aged, Diabetes Mellitus, Malnutrition, Diet Management Ability, Potential Profile Analysis, Nursing Care

管婷婷, 戴莉敏, 徐敏, 杜楠. 老年糖尿病伴营养不良患者饮食管理能力的潜在剖面及影响因素研究[J]. 中华护理杂志, 2025, 60(12): 1454-1460.

GUAN Tingting, DAI Limin, XU Min, DU Nan. Analysis of potential profile and influencing factors in elderly diabetic patients with malnutrition risk[J]. Chinese Journal of Nursing, 2025, 60(12): 1454-1460.

图/表 4

表1 调查对象一般资料及饮食管理能力潜在类别单因素分析（n=349）

Table 1 Univariate analysis of respondents' general information and potential categories of diet management ability（n=349）

图1 老年糖尿病伴营养不良患者饮食管理能力3个潜在剖面分布特征

Figure 1 The 3 potential profiles characteristic distribution of diet management ability in elderly diabetic patients with malnutrition risk

表2 自变量赋值方式

Table 2 Assignment of categorical variables

表3 老年糖尿病伴营养不良患者饮食管理能力的多因素分析（n=349）

Table 3 Multi-factor analysis of diet management ability in elderly diabetic patients with malnutrition risk（n=349）

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